Glaciers: Examining debris on top of Earth’s icy white canvases

For a short time after a snowfall, glaciers are like blank white canvases. But it’s not long before the snowy surfaces are painted over with coats of dust, soot, ash, pollen, salt, sand, rocks, and other debris.

Bright white snow fills Cho La pass, which separates Ngozumpa Glacier from Khumbu Glacier and Everest Base Camp in Nepal. (Photograph ©2009 Kimberly Casey.)

 Nature has more than one paintbrush at its disposal. Winds blow in plumes of smoke and dust to coat surfaces with black, gray, metallic, even reddish or yellow tones. Volcanoes spew dark ash and tephra that can be millimeters to meters thick. And landslides and lahars slosh thick layers of soil, pulverized rock, muck, and sediment on the icy canvases.

This natural painting is an apt metaphor for the work of Kimberly Casey, a NASA glaciologist who once considered becoming an artist. After high school, she had scholarships for both science and art; she chose the former, but her artistic side has not disappeared. She continues to paint, draw, and take photographs, and those artistic skills and interests overlap with the ones she uses to explore new ground as a scientist. Casey is fascinated by the way the human eye perceives reality, and also intrigued by the deeper, hidden layers of meaning embedded in natural environments.

Kimberly Casey in Katmandu, Nepal, during an expedition to investigate the region’s glaciers. (Photograph ©2009 Jason Gulley.)

Casey is one of the first scientists to use satellite data to distinguish between the different types of debris—ranging from fine-grained aerosols, to bits of volcanic ash, to the large rocks and boulders—that end up on glaciers. After numerous expeditions to far-flung mountains, and years combing through satellite data at NASA’s Goddard Space Flight Center and the University of Oslo, she has something to show for it. Casey has produced satellite-derived maps of debris at key glaciers around the world. Her maps not only discriminate between dirty and clean ice; they describe the composition and source of the particulates and debris.

Many southern-facing Himalayan glaciers—including Khumbu Glacier on Mount Everest—have debris on their lower slopes. (NASA Landsat 8 image by Jesse Allen and Robert Simmon.)


By Adam Voiland Design by Robert Simmon (nasa.gov)

Is Global Climate Change Natural? - Part Two

 Daily Express Uk, published "100 reasons climate change is natural" on November 20, 2012 stating that climate change is just a natural occurrence caused by sun and not man-made. 

Though many people might be of this school of thought, Scientific facts states otherwise. If you are like me, as a scientist, assumption is not my friend. I deals and accepts proven facts.

National Geographic reported that Scientists have spent decades figuring out what is causing global warming. They've looked at the natural cycles and events that are known to influence climate. But the amount and pattern of warming that's been measured can't be explained by these factors alone. The only way to explain the pattern is to include the effect of greenhouse gases (GHGs) emitted by humans.

Is Global Climate Change Natural? - Part One

A layer of greenhouse gases – primarily water vapor, and including much smaller amounts of carbon dioxide, methane and nitrous oxide – act as a thermal blanket for the Earth, absorbing heat and warming the surface to a life-supporting average of 59 degrees Fahrenheit (15 degrees Celsius)

 Most climate scientists agree the main cause of the current global warming trend is human expansion of the "greenhouse effect" -- warming that results when the atmosphere traps heat radiating from Earth toward space.

Certain gases in the atmosphere block heat from escaping. Long-lived gases, remaining semi-permanently in the atmosphere, which do not respond physically or chemically to changes in temperature are described as "forcing" climate change whereas gases, such as water, which respond physically or chemically to changes in temperature are seen as "feedbacks."